常見的旋(xuan)挖鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭有螺旋(xuan)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭、旋(xuan)挖斗、筒(tong)式(shi)取芯鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭、擴(kuo)底鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭、沖擊鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭、沖抓(zhua)錐(zhui)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭和液(ye)壓抓(zhua)斗,下面(mian)逐類簡單(dan)介紹。
1、1 螺旋鉆頭(tou)
(1)錐(zhui)形:雙(shuang)頭雙(shuang)螺(luo)(luo),適用(yong)于堅(jian)硬基巖(yan)。雙(shuang)頭單螺(luo)(luo),適用(yong)于風化基巖(yan)、卵石、含冰凍(dong)土等。以上鉆頭配(pei)裝各種截齒(chi),通過齒(chi)型(xing)、螺(luo)(luo)距、螺(luo)(luo)旋(xuan)升角的變(bian)化 又(you)可派生出很多類(lei)型(xing)的鉆頭。
(2)直螺旋鉆頭:
a、斗齒直螺(luo):雙頭雙螺(luo),適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)砂(sha)土,膠結差的小直徑礫石層;雙頭單(dan)螺(luo),適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)砂(sha)土、土層;單(dan)頭單(dan)螺(luo),適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)膠結差的大直徑卵石,粘性(xing)土及硬膠 泥。
b、截(jie)齒直螺:有雙螺、三(san)螺和四螺,適(shi)用于是硬基巖或卵礫石。
1、2 旋挖鉆斗
按(an)所裝齒可分為截齒鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)斗(dou)和(he)(he)斗(dou)齒鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)斗(dou);按(an)底(di)(di)板數量可分為雙層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)底(di)(di)斗(dou)和(he)(he)單(dan)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)底(di)(di)斗(dou);按(an)開(kai)(kai)門(men)數量可分為雙開(kai)(kai)門(men)斗(dou)和(he)(he)單(dan)開(kai)(kai)門(men)斗(dou);按(an)桶(tong)的(de)錐(zhui)度(du)可分為錐(zhui)桶(tong)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)斗(dou)和(he)(he)直(zhi)(zhi) 桶(tong)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)斗(dou);按(an)低板形狀可分為鍋底(di)(di)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)斗(dou)和(he)(he)平底(di)(di)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)斗(dou)。以上(shang)結(jie)構形式(shi)相互組(zu)合(he),再加(jia)上(shang)是否帶(dai)通氣孔、開(kai)(kai)門(men)機構的(de)變化,可以組(zu)合(he)出幾十種(zhong)旋挖鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)斗(dou)。一般來說(shuo)雙層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)底(di)(di)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan) 斗(dou)適用地層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)范圍較寬(kuan),單(dan)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)底(di)(di)的(de)只適用于粘性較強(qiang)的(de)土層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),雙門(men)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)斗(dou)適用地層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)范圍較寬(kuan),單(dan)門(men)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)斗(dou)只是用于大直(zhi)(zhi)徑的(de)卵(luan)石及硬膠泥。
1、3 筒式取(qu)芯鉆頭
目前常(chang)見的(de)有(you)兩種:截齒(chi)筒(tong)(tong)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(適用于中(zhong)硬(ying)基(ji)巖和(he)(he)卵礫石(shi)),牙輪筒(tong)(tong)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(適用于堅硬(ying)基(ji)巖和(he)(he)大漂(piao)石(shi))。筒(tong)(tong)式取(qu)芯(xin)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)兩大類鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭(tou)中(zhong),又帶取(qu)芯(xin)裝(zhuang)置和(he)(he)不 帶取(qu)芯(xin)裝(zhuang)置之分,主要取(qu)決于取(qu)芯(xin)的(de)難度。因為(wei)牙輪取(qu)芯(xin)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭(tou)主要用于硬(ying)巖鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)進,且鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)取(qu)的(de)環狀面積大,如果有(you)條(tiao)件的(de)還可在鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭(tou)部分加裝(zhuang)反(fan)循(xun)環鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)進,以提 高鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)進效率(lv)。
1、4 擴底鉆頭
在樁徑不(bu)增(zeng)大樁深(shen)不(bu)增(zeng)加的基礎(chu)上,為了(le)提高(gao)單樁的承載力,設計部門(men)往往通過擴(kuo)底(di)樁來實現,旋(xuan)挖(wa)鉆(zhan)機施(shi)(shi)工擴(kuo)底(di)是(shi)無(wu)需任(ren)何改動就可施(shi)(shi)工,只需選用(yong)(yong)擴(kuo) 底(di)鉆(zhan)頭(tou)即可。擴(kuo)底(di)鉆(zhan)頭(tou)常用(yong)(yong)的以機械(xie)式為主,這(zhe)種鉆(zhan)頭(tou)使用(yong)(yong)和維護都比較簡單,有上開式和下開式的,張開機構一般為四連桿的,用(yong)(yong)于土層、強風、中風化(hua)地層甚至 堅硬基巖。由于旋(xuan)挖(wa)鉆(zhan)進是(shi)非循環鉆(zhan)進,擴(kuo)底(di)完(wan)成后用(yong)(yong)清渣桶清渣即可。